Сategory of number of nouns

a) Material nouns which are used only in the singular (uncountable) express numbers, singular and plural (countable), when they denote different sorts:

«This is avery rare and most delicious wine.[10] There are many different wineson this list. The teas (tobaccos)of this plantation are of a very good quality. We produce high quality steels.

Note.– When a material noun serves to denote a

n object made of that material, it becomes a class-noun and may be used in both numbers:

Give me a glass (two glasses) of water. I have bought a new iron(two-new irons). A copper, two coppers(медная монета, медяк).

b) The noun hair is used in the singular (волосы); a hair is used only with the meaning of a few separate hairs (волосок, волоски):

…this girl's hairwas chestnut, almost auburn. [6] She has a few grey hairs.She has more hairthan wit, and more faults than hairs. (Shakespeare.)

c) The noun fruit is used in the singular. The plural form fruitsdenotes different kinds of fruit:

The fruitis not yet ripe. We have much fruit this year.

But: The fruitswere local, consisting of apples, pears, nuts, and such other products of the summer… [9]

The plural form fruit is also used when the meaning is figurative:

Fruitsof the workers' toil are buried in the strong coffers of a few. (The International.) The rich fruits of the heroic labour of Soviet people are visible from all corners of the earth, and they are an inspiration to the citizens of other countries advancing along the path of Socialism.

d) Abstract nouns which are used only in the singular (uncountable), taken in a general sense, acquire both numbers (and thus become countable) when they express concrete instances or special aspects of the notion which they denote:

It has been such a joyto see you and Holly. [21]… he sympathized with their joys and grieves;[5]

…now I remembered that the real world was wide, and that a varied field of hopes and fears,of sensationsand excitements,awaited those who had courage to go forth into its expense to seek real knowledge of life amidst its perils.[2]… May.night had fallen soft and warm, enwrapping with its grape bloom colour and its scents the billion caprices, intrigues, passions, longings, and regretsof men and women. [21] Little Sharp, with her secret griefs,was the heroine of the day. [1] When sorrows come, they come, not single spies, but in battalions. [1]

Note. – When such nouns as beauty, youth, etc. do not denote abstract qualities but people characterized by those qualities, they become class-nouns and are used in both numbers (like countable nouns): a beauty (красавица), a youth (юноша);

This girl is a real beauty. The youths were marching with red banners-Some abstract nouns are used in English only in the singular (uncountable), whereas in Russian the corresponding nouns are used in both numbers (countable): information, news, business, advice, work (работа), progress (успех), and others: «What sort of workdid you do?"[4] «You always give me good advice…»[10] «This newshas shaken me, Eliot.» [20] She is making splendid progress in English.

To indicate concrete instances of advice, information, etc., the words piece or item are used:

You tell them one or two items of news.[11] «It is a very strange piece ofbusiness!» Iadded… [2]»… I'd like to give you a little piece of advice.» [24] She gave me one piece of intelligence,which affected me very much… [10]

2. Sometimes material nouns and abstract nouns are used in the plural with emphatic force:

The frozen snows of the Arctic; thesands of the Sahara Desert; the blue waters of the Mediterranean Sea; a thousand thanks;a thousand pities.

The thundersbellowed over the wild waste of waters, and were echoed and prolonged by the mountain waves. [13]

«Thanks. A thousand and one thanks.[19] Far off, rising in an immense slope…Etna soars towards the heavens, sending from the summit, on which the snowsstill linger, a steady plume of ivory smoke. [13]»… it would be a thousand pitiesto throw away such a chance of fun.» [2] Far below…I heard the «unseen tumbling of the waters.[23] «A thousand pardons?»[10] At sleepy intervals the surf flung its foam across the sandsto the grass… [7]

3. A number of nouns which express both singular and plural (countable) may with a change of meaning are used only in the singular (thus becoming uncountable). This is the case:

a) When the name of an animal is used to denote its flesh used as food:

A fat brown goose lay at one end of the table… [11] (a countable noun) – While Gabriel and Miss Daly exchanged plates of goose and plates of ham and spiced beef, Lily went from guest to guest… [11] (an uncountable noun) Two white swans came majestically by… [21] (a countable noun) «I have n-never eaten roast swan b-before,» I stammered… [24] (an uncountable noun)

b) When the names of trees are used to indicate the corresponding kind of wood as material or as live plants:

And among the oaksthe bluebells stood in pools of azure… [22] (a countable noun) – «Oak»,he exclaimed. «All carved oak,right up the ceiling…» [11] (an uncountable noun)… beautiful woods of birch, fir,and pinecast their shadows through the carriage window as we speed along. [19] (an uncountable noun)… a narrow strip of larchand beech…stretched out towards the valley… [21] (uncountable nouns)… I come into alane, which winds upwards between grassy slopes to… woods of noble beech. [21] (an uncountable noun)

c) When the nouns tree, bush, twig, etc. do not indicate separate objects but an indivisible whole (compare with the meaning of such nouns as leafage, blossom, brushwood, also with the Russian листва, цвет, кустарник – собирательные существительные):

It (the tree) was covered with young blossoms,pink and t white…; and on this entire blossom!The sunlight glistened. [21] (1. a countable noun; 2. an uncountable noun) – … the may-flower,both pink and white, was in full bloom. [21] (a countable noun)… an old orchard of apple-trees just breaking into flower,stretched down to a stream and a long wild meadow. [21] (an uncountable noun)… a few gold leavesare still hanging… [21] (a countable noun) The apple-tree was in leaf,and all but in flower– its crimson buds just bursting. [7] (uncountable nouns) In that early spring a few budswere showing already. [7] (a countable noun) – He leaned against one of the satin-smooth stems, under the lacery of twigand bud. [7] (uncountable nouns)

d) When the name of an object is used to denote substance, that is, when it becomes the name of a material:

The summits of these vast mountains were enveloped in clouds…[1] (a countable noun)… the sky was lined with a uniform sheet of dripping cloud…[9] (an uncountable noun) Gemmy… presently returned with an eggbeaten up in milk. [22] (a countable noun) – Eggis on your coat, (an uncountable noun) A load that lay on Hood's mind like a rock suddenly rose like an eagle… [9] (a countable noun) – Grass ceases to grow, and the track is almost lost to view among piles of loose slate rock.[20] (an uncountable noun)

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